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Tutorial: Entity Linking

One entity often appears across multiple datasets under different IDs. Entity linking is how the world model unifies them — a single node, confidence-scored SAME_AS edges, provenance back to every source.

The pattern#

Entity linking connects records that refer to the same real-world entity. In a graph, this means:

  1. Find entity A (from source 1)
  2. Find entity B (from source 2)
  3. Create a relationship between them

Basic entity linking#

import { openInMemory } from '@ozinc/arcflow'
 
const db = openInMemory()
 
// Data from source 1
db.mutate("CREATE (p:Person {id: 'p1', name: 'Alice Chen', source: 'crm'})")
 
// Data from source 2
db.mutate("CREATE (p:Person {id: 'p2', name: 'A. Chen', source: 'linkedin'})")
 
// Link them (multi-MATCH pattern)
db.mutate(
  "MATCH (a:Person {id: $id1}) MATCH (b:Person {id: $id2}) MERGE (a)-[:SAME_AS {confidence: $conf}]->(b)",
  { id1: 'p1', id2: 'p2', conf: 0.92 }
)

Parameterized linking function#

function linkEntities(
  db: ArcflowDB,
  sourceLabel: string, sourceId: string,
  targetLabel: string, targetId: string,
  relType: string,
  confidence: number
) {
  db.mutate(
    `MATCH (a:${sourceLabel} {id: $sid}) MATCH (b:${targetLabel} {id: $tid}) MERGE (a)-[:${relType} {confidence: $conf}]->(b)`,
    { sid: sourceId, tid: targetId, conf: confidence }
  )
}
 
// Usage
linkEntities(db, 'Person', 'p1', 'Org', 'o1', 'WORKS_AT', 0.95)
linkEntities(db, 'Person', 'p1', 'Person', 'p2', 'KNOWS', 0.80)

Fact-based linking (triple pattern)#

For richer semantics, create fact nodes that describe the relationship:

function projectFact(
  db: ArcflowDB,
  subjectId: string, subjectLabel: string,
  objectId: string, objectLabel: string,
  predicate: string, confidence: number, source: string
) {
  const factId = `fact-${subjectId}-${predicate}-${objectId}`
 
  db.batchMutate([
    `MERGE (f:Fact {uuid: '${factId}', predicate: '${predicate}', confidence: ${confidence}, source: '${source}'})`,
    `MATCH (s:${subjectLabel} {id: '${subjectId}'}) MATCH (f:Fact {uuid: '${factId}'}) MERGE (s)-[:SUBJECT_OF]->(f)`,
    `MATCH (f:Fact {uuid: '${factId}'}) MATCH (o:${objectLabel} {id: '${objectId}'}) MERGE (f)-[:OBJECT_IS]->(o)`,
  ])
}
 
// Usage
projectFact(db, 'p1', 'Person', 'o1', 'Org', 'employment', 0.95, 'crm-export')

Querying linked entities#

Find all links for an entity#

const links = db.query(
  "MATCH (a:Person {id: $id})-[r]->(b) RETURN labels(b), b.name, b.id",
  { id: 'p1' }
)

Traverse through facts#

const facts = db.query(`
  MATCH (s:Person {id: $id})-[:SUBJECT_OF]->(f:Fact)-[:OBJECT_IS]->(o)
  RETURN f.predicate, f.confidence, o.name, labels(o)
  ORDER BY f.confidence DESC
`, { id: 'p1' })

Find entities connected by high-confidence facts#

const highConf = db.query(`
  MATCH (a)-[:SUBJECT_OF]->(f:Fact)-[:OBJECT_IS]->(b)
  WHERE f.confidence > 0.9
  RETURN a.name, f.predicate, b.name, f.confidence
`)

Batch entity linking (pipeline pattern)#

For high-throughput pipelines processing hundreds of entities per batch:

function projectBatch(db: ArcflowDB, entities: EntityRecord[]) {
  // Phase 1: Create all entity nodes
  const entityMutations = entities.map(e =>
    `MERGE (n:${e.label} {id: '${e.id}', name: '${e.name}', workspaceId: '${e.workspaceId}'})`
  )
  db.batchMutate(entityMutations)
 
  // Phase 2: Create all relationships
  const relMutations = entities
    .filter(e => e.links)
    .flatMap(e => e.links!.map(link =>
      `MATCH (a:${e.label} {id: '${e.id}'}) MATCH (b:${link.targetLabel} {id: '${link.targetId}'}) MERGE (a)-[:${link.relType}]->(b)`
    ))
  if (relMutations.length > 0) {
    db.batchMutate(relMutations)
  }
}

See Also#

  • Knowledge Graph Tutorial — build the world model these entities live in
  • Use Case: Knowledge Management — entity extraction in production pipelines
  • Skills — declarative rules that link entities automatically
  • Confidence & Provenance — scoring links you infer
Try it
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